For decades, the field of biological aging has increasingly refined taxonomies of what changes as organisms grow older. The most widely accepted framework — the hallmarks of aging — reasonably describes twelve interconnected processes: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of proteostasis, impaired macroautophagy, deregulated nutrient sensing, stem cell exhaustion, cellular senescence, altered intercellular communication, microbiome disturbance, and chronic inflammation.
by David Shapiro